eliminating microwave and RF sources. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Radiat Res. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Google Scholar. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Correspondence to J Radiat Proc. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. PubMed Central Othman et al. The role of microRNAs in cancer. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. 2007;96:218196. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Cassel et al. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. 2001;12:72931. PubMed Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Xu et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. 2003;140:147. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. 2014:125. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Toxicol Sci. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 2005;360:6577. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Cell Biochem Biophys. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Radiat Res. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. PubMed Central 2014;70:84555. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. CAS Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 2001;93:2037. 2006;165:63644. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2011;107:35661. Motawi et al. 2013;17:711. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Int J Radiat Biol. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Fragopoulou et al. Indian J Occup Environ Med. CAS Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. 2012;31:25074. CAS In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Clinics. Acta Neurol Belg. CAS An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Clin Neurophysiol. Behav Brain Res. 2003;80:194210. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Google Scholar. Cancer Res. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Wang Q, Cao Z. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 2008;169:3845. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. 1992;114:16202. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. 2015;36:4804. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Privacy 2017;326:291. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. 2007;28:187380. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Am J Epidemiol. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Bioelectromagnetics. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. 2017;38:106976. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. 2011;35:36978. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Springer Nature. Zhao et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 1975;148:1723. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. 1990;39:13543. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. Int J Hyg Environ Health. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. 2004;25:4957. JAMA. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. 2004;2004:19. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures.