List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. >> >> AS such, categorization provides [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. >> /MarkInfo << To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? >> How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /Tabs /S Explain the significance of /Resources << . /StructParents 0 19 0 obj /StructParents 6 >> Introducing Cram Folders! This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. /Tabs /S They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. 15 0 obj Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /Parent 2 0 R ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights /Type /Font /Parent 2 0 R >> Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /Tabs /S /F4 24 0 R /GS8 28 0 R Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . /FirstChar 32 /Type /Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Parent 2 0 R /Macrosheet /Part -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others 2 0 obj Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /Font << /F1 21 0 R This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. /Encoding /Identity-H \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . 14 0 obj /Contents 43 0 R >> miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources %
What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? /Type /Page doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? /F3 23 0 R /Type /Group -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. /Font << /Parent 2 0 R /Resources << The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /StructParents 12 13 0 obj as. 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us /Widths [278] What is social facilitation? /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /F4 24 0 R /Parent 2 0 R The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. >> ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did /F4 24 0 R [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F1 21 0 R /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. /Name /F3 The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. /Font << 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. >> Aug 2016. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. How does the brain respond to social rejection? The process of understanding what something is by knowing >> How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? /Count 13 /Group << [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. \end{array} /LastChar 239 What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? /Tabs /S can use quick, automatic heuristics without deliberating in some contexts & controlled, effortful thinking with carefuldeliberation in others, SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE Explores the neurologicalunderpinnings of processestraditionally examined by socialpsychology, use of fMRI to study brainphenomena, e.g. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. /S /Transparency >> Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. 8 0 obj /GS8 28 0 R When does it occur? /StructParents 10 /StructParents 8 endobj /S /Transparency -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R /Pages 2 0 R What kinds of information does a cognitive miser use when thinking about the behavior of others? 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /Font << (1950s) a. >> << /GS7 27 0 R Gordon Pennycook . >> /ExtGState << It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Parent 2 0 R [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. What is social loafing? %PDF-1.4 /StructParents 5 People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. endobj People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. >> endobj -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. /Type /Font The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /StructParents 9 What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression.