is thiamin halal

For people with diabetes who start to develop kidney damage (nephropathy), thiamine supplementation might be recommended. [, Fulgoni VL, 3rd, Keast DR, Bailey RL, Dwyer J. Thiamine is obtained from the diet. The recommended treatment for severe deficiency consists of 2530 mg intravenously in infants and 50100 mg in adults, then 10 mg daily administered intramuscularly for approximately one week, followed by 35 mg/day oral thiamin for at least 6 weeks. Its not thought that supplementing with thiamine causes any adverse side effects. It also covers risk factors of a thiamine deficiency and the potential side effects of taking supplements. Thiamine deficiency disorders: diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Dietary supplements are not regulated the way drugs are in the United States, meaning the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve them for safety and effectiveness before products are marketed. Intern Med 2012;51:929-32. It's a water-soluble vitamin, which means that it is easily flushed out of the body and . -Potassium hydroxide. If an ingredient is missing, please use the comment form below to report it and we will look into it. Blass JP, Gleason P, Brush D, DiPonte P, Thaler H. Thiamine and Alzheimer's disease. Severe encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, vegetative instability and neuropathy with 5-Fluorouracil treatment - pyrimidine degradation defect or beriberi? Incidence of a thiamine deficiency is higher in some groups of people, including: A healthcare provider may recommend getting thiamine levels tested for some people, especially before and after bariatric surgery. doi:10.7759/cureus.8027, Beltramo E, Mazzeo A, Porta M. Thiamine and diabetes: back to the future? [, Gibson GE, Sheu KF, Blass JP, Baker A, Carlson KC, Harding B, et al. Another commonly used measure of thiamin status is urinary thiamin excretion, which provides data on dietary intakes but not tissue stores [5]. Thiamine, also called vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin found in virtually every cell in the body. Amber J. Tresca is a freelance writer and speaker who covers digestive conditions, including IBD. 2021;58(11):1433-1439. doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01752-4, DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O'Keefe JH. Thiamine supplementation in symptomatic chronic heart failure: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study. [, Agabio R. Thiamine administration in alcohol-dependent patients. Autopsy studies have shown that transketolase and other thiamin-dependent enzymes have decreased activity in the brains of people with Alzheimers disease [52,53]. Thiamine-dependent processes and treatment strategies in neurodegeneration. These B vitamins, often referred to as B-complex vitamins, also help the body metabolize fats and protein. 2016;129:753.e7-753.e11. Its deficiency is called beriberi . Surg Obes Relat Dis. Cureus. Arch Neurol 1988;45:833-5. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. Int Rev Neurobiol. Since most ingredients are listed using their chemical name, its difficult to figure out if they are halal or not. dan Mineral (Zat Besi, seng, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Asam folat). Diab Vasc Dis Res 2006;3:120-1. About half of the thiamin in the U.S. diet comes from foods that naturally contain thiamin; the remainder comes from foods to which thiamin has been added [9]. Legumes and nuts like peanuts, cashew nuts, hazel nuts, walnuts, etc. Thiamin is essential for the metabolism of pyruvate, which is an important . Thiamine helps some of the enzymes in the body that are used in the metabolism of glucose. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1987;33:421-30. Thiamine deficiencies are more common in areas of the world where there is less access to food sources of thiamine. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 16. Up to 20%30% of older adults have laboratory indicators that suggest some degree of thiamin deficiency [2,7]. JazakAllah. However, some cases of this syndrome become so severe that people develop chronic (long-term) health problems, especially with memory. Plants which are not intoxicant. 2021;170(1):13-17. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2021.02.002. Said HM. The role of thiamine in cancer: possible genetic and cellular signaling mechanisms. Halal Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride and Thiamine Mononitrate) is a type of vitamin manufactured through chemical synthesis. Pls also merits of islamic month. Thiamin fact sheet for health professionals. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Amber J. Tresca is a freelance writer and speaker who covers digestive conditions, including IBD. Thiamin is a water-soluble vitamin which is essential for energy metabolism. The remaining dietary thiamin is in free (absorbable) form [1,2]. It is especially found in people who have alcohol use disorder. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Hanninen SA, Darling PB, Sole MJ, Barr A, Keith ME. Among children and teens, the average daily thiamin intake from foods is 1.27 mg for ages 25 years, 1.54 mg for ages 611 years, and 1.68 mg for ages 1219 years [14]. Nicotinic Acid is a white crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 123.11. The signs and symptoms of beriberi can include: Beriberi is also associated with gastric surgery, which could be done for weight loss or for treating a condition such as cancer. The proportion of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who have poor thiamin status based on erythrocyte transketolase activity ranges from 17% to 79% in studies conducted to date [40]. No current data on rates of thiamin deficiency in the U.S. population are available. Yang JD, Acharya K, Evans M, Marsh JD, Beland S. Beriberi disease: is it still present in the United States? Severe thiamin deficiency leads to a disease called beriberi with the added symptoms of tingling and numbness in the feet and hands, loss of muscle, and poor reflexes. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. 2019;34:558-564. doi:10.1002/ncp.10234. These randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials compared 5 mg/day by mouth for 2 weeks or daily intramuscular doses of 5 to 200 mg/day thiamin over 2 consecutive days in a total of 177 people with a history of chronic alcohol use. Kosher Halal Vitamin B1 (Thiamin), is part of the group of essential nutrients known as the B Complex. Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers, 2011-2020. Thiamine is also available as a supplement and by prescription as an . J Alzheimers Dis. February 9, 2023 The 9 Best Vitamins and Supplements for Skin Health. People with heart failure (the heart does not pump enough blood to fulfill the body's needs) have been shown to have lower levels of thiamine. Alcohol Alcohol 2002;37:513-21. Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Robles-Cervantes JA, Ramirez-Ramirez V, Ramos-Zavala MG. Effect of thiamine administration on metabolic profile, cytokines and inflammatory markers in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes. Fluorouracil (also known as 5-fluorouracil; Adrucil) is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat colorectal and other solid cancers. Vitamin B1 is one of the eight B vitamins, also known as thiamin (thiamine). Vanillin: Flavoring agent, extracted from vanilla. Yet it isn't clear that thiamine helps heart failure patients do any better in the long term. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 16. Should I avoid foods with carrageenan for my Halal students? 2013;10(4):26-32. [1] Only small amounts are stored in the liver, so a daily intake of thiamin-rich foods is needed. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body in limited amounts. 2013;7:CD004033. Other vitamins and supplements may also be used as a treatment because other deficiencies might also be present. Thiamine and cardiovascular disease: a literature review. Complement Ther Med. As a synthesized chemical, this food Vitamin is general recognized as halal. One meta-analysis showed that many studies are not using the same types of measurements to understand how low thiamine levels contribute to heart failure. However, another study found no effect of 900 mg/day benfotiamine on urinary excretion of albumin or kidney injury molecule-1, a marker of kidney injury [46]. 2020;43:964-973. doi:10.14348/molcells.2020.0198, Allowitz KV, Yoo JJ, Taylor JR, et al. -Styrene/Acrylates Copolymer The treatment includes supplementing with thiamine, but it may not cure it. Acta Diabetol. Metab Brain Dis 1990;5:179-84. Clin Ther. At this chronic state of the disorder, parenteral thiamin treatment does not lead to recovery in about one-quarter of patients [22]. [, Aasheim ET. There is no store; thiamin reserves are present as coenzymes; thiamin diphosphate for energy metabolism and redox stability and the triphosphate for nerve transmission. [, Vognar L, Stoukides J. Case Rep Oncol 2011;4:371-6. Vitamin D: Natural sources are yeast and fish liver oil. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in wet beriberi. Mol Cells. However, certain groups of people may have a deficiency, either because they cant get enough thiamine in their diet or their bodies cant absorb it properly. Washington, DC: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:261-79. Lu'o'ng KV, Nguyen LT. Supplement use should be individualized and vetted by a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider. Also called Vitamin B3, Vitamin PP or Niacin, NicotinicAcid is slightly soluble in water, glycerol [] Thiaminase I can degrade thiamin (111), thiamin monophosphate (112), and thiamin pyrophosphate (113) to the pyrimidine (114) and the corresponding thiazole (115-117) moiety (Figure 13).The enzyme from Bacillus thiaminolyticus has been cloned and characterized. Xu M, Ji J, Lu Q, Gong J, Luo Z, Zhu L. The effects of thiamine supplementation on patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Some studies do show, however, that thiamin absorption increases when intakes are low [1]. Hi, i just want to know about niacin and thiamin. Join the ODS Email List. Thiamin deficiency can cause loss of weight and appetite, confusion, memory loss, muscle weakness, and heart problems. Ask ODS The average daily thiamin intake from foods and supplements in children and teens is 1.51 mg for ages 25 years, 1.76 mg for ages 611 years, and 1.95 mg for ages 1219 years. Vanillin: Flavoring agent, extracted from vanilla. Thiamine is given first by IV for several days and then with an oral supplement, along with several other B vitamins. [, Butterworth RF, Besnard AM. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Wooley JA. Giving the supplement slowly and with fluids may help cut this risk, but there arent any accepted guidelines. Ochsner J 2013;13:495-9. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. [. The relevance of these effects to clinical prognosis or outcomes is not known. The recommended daily intake (RDI) for adults over age eighteen is 1.2 mg/day for men and 1.1 mg/day for women. [, Stracke H, Gaus W, Achenbach U, Federlin K, Bretzel RG. Halal Nicotinic acid/Niacin Nicotinic Acid is a vitamin manufactured through chemical synthesis, available as White Crystalline powder. Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of thiamine and its phosphorylated metabolites administered as multivitamin preparations. Some examples are provided below. Diabetologia 2009;52:208-12. People with HIV infection have an increased risk of thiamin deficiency and its sequelae, including beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome [1,28]. -Arginine Thiamine Deficiency and Its Prevention and Control in Major Emergencies, Breakfast cereals, fortified with 100% of the DV for thiamin, 1 serving, English muffin, plain, enriched, 1 muffin, Mussels, blue, cooked, moist heat, 3 ounces, Tuna, Bluefin, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces, Rice, brown, long grain, not enriched, cooked, cup, Rice, white, long grain, enriched, cooked, cup, Orange juice, prepared from concentrate, 1 cup, Beef steak, bottom round, trimmed of fat, braised, 3 ounces, Oatmeal, regular and quick, unenriched, cooked with water, cup, Chicken, meat and skin, roasted, 3 ounces. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;7:CD004033. Acta Biomed Ateneo Parmense 1992;63:43-9. As it in your old islamcan app In rare cases, when it is not treated, it could lead to irreversible damage to the brain. 2005;26:2238-44. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi442, Schoenenberger AW, Schoenenberger-Berzins R, et al. Some older small, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials showed that thiamine supplements improved one aspect of heart function in people with heart failure. Have a question? Vitamin B1: As Thiamine:Ingredients from plant or animal sources. Can Vitamin B1 Help Prevent Migraine and Severe Headache? doi:10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018, Whitfield KC, Bourassa MW, Adamolekun B, et al. [, Rabbani N, Alam SS, Riaz S, Larkin JR, Akhtar MW, Shafi T, et al. Papila B, Yildiz O, Tural D, Delil S, Hasiloglu ZI, Ayan F, et al. Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. [, Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Alfadda AA, Abd-Alrahman SH, Sabico S. Blood thiamine and its phosphate esters as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography: levels and associations in diabetes mellitus patients with varying degrees of microalbuminuria. Thiamin: One of the B complex vitamins. Pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of beriberi after gastric surgery. The U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDAs) FoodData Central website [10] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing thiamin arranged by nutrient content and by food name. If low levels of thiamine are found in the urine, it might mean not enough thiamine is in the diet. Thiamin: fact sheet for consumers. Page GL, Laight D, Cummings MH. Larger, well-designed studies are needed to determine whether thiamin supplements are beneficial for Alzheimers disease. In between halal and haram are doubtful ingredients. Whether supplementing with thiamine in people with Alzheimer's disease (a progressive condition causing problems with memory, thinking, and behavior) may be beneficial is still being studied. Age and Ageing 2000;29:111-6. Other newer studies found this was not the case after thiamine therapy. The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate thiamin status. The authors did not assess the clinical significance of this finding, however. Korsakoffs psychosis, an effect of chronic thiamin deficiency, is associated with severe short-term memory loss, disorientation, and confabulation (confusion between real and imagined memories) [1-3]. [, Xanthakos SA. A thiamine deficiency can become serious, so its important for those who might lack it to be tested and receive a supplement. Groups With a Higher Incidence of Thiamine Deficiency. Some available supplements may include one or more synthetic forms of vitamin B1. Thiamin is available in many dietary supplements. Korsakoff syndrome: an overlook (review). [, Howard AJ, Kulkarni O, Lekwuwa G, Emsley HC. A focused review. AIDS. Dairy products and most fruits contain little thiamin [3]. When symptoms of this condition (confusion and problems with balance and walking) appear in people with alcohol use disorder, supplementation with thiamine through an IV is recommended. Choi EJ, Jeon CH, Park DH, Kwon TH. Alcohol Alcohol 2006;41:151-8. Elizabeth Barnes, RDN, is a registered dietitian nutritionist who specializes in eating disorders, type 2 diabetes, and heart health. 10th ed. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009;56:1105-21. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) Therefore, one will have to ask the manufacturer to confirm the source of the doubtful ingredients. Some of the studies on diabetes and thiamine have been observational, which means that they are taking information from what people are doing and what their thiamine levels are but not using any kind of intervention. Beriberi is not common in the United States and other . They hypothesize that the apparent lack of toxicity may be explained by the rapid decline in absorption of thiamin at intakes above 5 mg. [, Imai N, Kubota M, Saitou M, Yagi N, Serizawa M, Kobari M. Increase of serum vascular endothelial growth factors in wet beriberi: two case reports. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a common outcome of thiamine deficiency in the United States than beriberi. The authors of a 2013 Cochrane review of thiamin to treat or prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome found only two studies that met their inclusion criteria, and one of these studies has not been published [37]. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2013;10:169-85. -Hydroxypropyl guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride 101,102 Thiaminase I uses nucleophiles such as quinoline, aniline, and pyridine but not water. It is also not stored by the body, so a steady supply is needed. Thiamine is a vitamin that is important to essential functions in the body. Thiamin, also known as B1, is a B-complex vitamin needed for proper nerve function and glucose metabolism. Although thiamin is not known to interact with any medications, certain medications can have an adverse effect on thiamin levels. Updated: Beriberi causes problems with the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, which broadly means it can affect the heart and the muscles. Research has linked the use of furosemide to decreases in thiamin concentrations, possibly to deficient levels, as a result of urinary thiamin loss [49,58,59]. 2nd ed. Halal is an Arabic word means lawful or permitted. Introduction and purpose: Thiamin (Vitamin B1) is a water-soluble vitamin. Treatment is with thiamine supplementation. The rates of poor thiamin status in patients with heart failure have ranged in studies from 21% to 98% [47]. Allen L, de Benoist B, Dary O, Hurrell R, eds. Solgar Vitamin B-Complex "50" indeholder 50 mg af hvert vitamin B. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Vitamin B6 og B12 bidrager til at reducere trthed og udmattelse. [. Vitamin B1, or thiamin, helps prevent complications in the nervous system, brain, muscles, heart, stomach, and intestines. It's used as a co-enzyme in ATP (energy) production. [. [. Pantotensyre (Vitamin B5) bidrager til normal mental ydeevne. It is always mentioned along with Haraam which means sinful or prohibited by Allah. Age Ageing 1990;19:325-9. Am J Med 1991;91:151-5. It is used in some products to replace animal fats; in others, its used in place of gelatin, which is made from animal collagen. 2017;13:727741. 2020;2020:9349063. doi:10.1155/2020/9349063. About 80% of the approximately 2530 mg of thiamin in the adult human body is in the form of thiamin diphosphate (TDP; also known as thiamin pyrophosphate), the main metabolically active form of thiamin. J Med Case Rep 2010;4:409. Role of thiamin in health and disease. Includes a variety of vegetables; fruits; grains (at least half whole grains); fat-free and low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; and oils. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their thiamin status with their health care providers. EFSA J 2008;864:1-31. It is also involved in the flow of electrolytes into and out of . Can i have a friend who is a girl for the sake of Allah, How to Make Hand Sanitizer With Natural Ingredients, 10 Islamic Guidelines on Pandemics and Epidemics, Arabic Dua for Travelling With English Translation, How to Protect Yourself from the Corona Virus. [. This syndrome is serious and can even be deadly. Congest Heart Fail 2013;19:214-22. Thiamine is absorbed in the small intestine. It is naturally present in whole grains, meat (especially pork), and fish. Deficiency of thiamine can cause delirium ( source ). Overview of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome or Alcohol Dementia, The 7 Best B12 Supplements of 2023, According to a Dietitian, Thiamin fact sheet for health professionals, Evaluation of the safety of 500 mg intravenous push thiamine at a tertiary academic medical center, Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people who abuse alcohol, Thiamine level in type I and type II diabetes mellitus patients: a comparative study focusing on hematological and biochemical evaluations. Vitamin A: If source are plant and synthetic, it is halal. 2020;78:1015-1029. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa004, Le Berre AP, Fama R, Sassoon SA, et al. Looks like all are from Vegetables but still wanted to confirm: Vegetable Cellulose, Vegetable Stearic Acid, Contains 2% of: Natural Palm Leaf Glaze, Silica, Vegetable Magnesium Stearate, you can add peprika extract and pepper extract. The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. [, Carpenter KJ. Vitamin B1, also called thiamine or thiamin, is one of 8 B vitamins. A focused review, Potential thiamine deficiency in elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing chemotherapy, Allithiamine exerts therapeutic effects on sepsis by modulating metabolic flux during dendritic cell activation, Therapeutic potential of vitamin B1 derivative benfotiamine from diabetes to COVID-19, Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of thiamine and its phosphorylated metabolites administered as multivitamin preparations, Therapeutic benefits of an oral vitamin B1 derivative for human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), Role of the synthetic B1 vitamin sulbutiamine on health, People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, Short-term memory loss or other mental problems, Numbness or tingling in the fingers or feet (, Confusion (temporospatial disorientation), Feeling of tingling or pins and needles in the extremities (, 1418 years: Males1.2 mg; females1.0 mg, 1950 years: Males1.2 mg; females1.1 mg, 51 years and over: Males1.2 mg; females1.1 mg, Allithiamine (thiamine allyl disulfide or TAD), Benfotiamine (S-benzoylthiamine-O-monophosphate), Fursultiamine (thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide or TTFD), sold under the brand names Alinamin-F, Benlipoid, Bevitol Lipophil, Judolor, and Lipothiamine, Prosultiamine (thiamine propyl disulfide or TPD), including the brandJubedel, Sulbutiamine, sold under the brands Arcalion and Enerion. Breads, cereals, and infant formulas in the United States and many other countries are fortified with thiamin [2].The most common sources of thiamin in the U.S. diet are cereals and bread [8]. Most dietary thiamin is in phosphorylated forms, and intestinal phosphatases hydrolyze them to free thiamin before the vitamin is absorbed [1]. Several food sources of thiamin are listed in Table 2. Benfotiamine and cognitive decline in Alzheimers disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled phase IIA clinical trial. An analysis of data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that only 6% of the U.S. population has a usual intake below the EAR [9]. The Royal College of Physicians report on alcohol: guidelines for managing Wernicke's encephalopathy in the accident and Emergency Department. The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff's syndrome: out of sight, out of mind? 2019;54:609-614. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agy091, Katta N, Balla S, Alpert MA. Alcohol Alcohol. Healthy adults, with an average diet of 2000 kcal, should aim for 1 mg of thiamin per day. Int J Mol Sci. Processing also alters thiamin levels in foods; for example, unless white rice is enriched with thiamin, it has one tenth the amount of thiamin in unenriched brown rice [10]. 2019;110:1287-1295. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz192. High prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration in diabetes linked to a marker of vascular disease. [, Alaei Shahmiri F, Soares MJ, Zhao Y, Sherriff J. High-dose thiamine supplementation improves glucose tolerance in hyperglycemic individuals: a randomized, double-blind cross-over trial. Thiamine is a crucial vitamin for humans to consume. [. I AM IN LOVE WITH A CHRISTIAN GIRL CAN I MARRY HER? Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. citrus fruit, tomatoes, etc). Wernicke's encephalopathy: occurrence and pathological aspects in a series of 400 AIDS patients. Allithiamine exerts therapeutic effects on sepsis by modulating metabolic flux during dendritic cell activation. Theres no upper limit set on thiamine supplements. 2018;1430(1):3-43. doi:10.1111/nyas.13919, Nunes PT, Kipp BT, Reitz NL, Savage LM. For that reason, a deficiency may lead to a lack of certain enzymes. Institute of Medicine. Healthcare providers may recommend a supplement to people taking those drugs. [, Day E, Bentham PW, Callaghan R, Kuruvilla T, George S. Thiamine for prevention and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in people who abuse alcohol. Gibson GE, Blass JP. Does long-term furosemide therapy cause thiamine deficiency in patients with heart failure? A pilot study. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001:CD001498. They recommend 200 mg thiamin, preferably intravenously, three times daily (total of 600 mg/day) until the signs and symptoms stop, along with a balanced diet. 11th ed. A placebo-controlled trial in people with Alzheimer's disease showed that supplementing with a form of thiamine was considered safe. DiNicolantonio JJ, Niazi AK, Lavie CJ, O'Keefe JH, Ventura HO. What do you think? Aguilar F, Charrondiere UR, Dusemund B, Galtier P, Gilbert J, Gott DM, et al.