jerusalem cross offensive

The four crosses are used to symbolize the motto of the retreat "Live the fourth". Their plans were foiled by FBI agents, who infiltrated the group and bugged their communications, recording them making detailed plans to detonate car bombs. [1] It is not to be confused with the Lorraine cross, which has also been called the "Jerusalem cross".[2]. Heraldic symbol and Christian cross variant, The design with the crosslets as crosses potent is medieval, e.g. Jerusalem Cross. For a start, medieval crusades were by no means exclusively fought against Muslims. What Is The Jerusalem Cross? The Jerusalem Council, for the sake of melding the Jewish and Gentile cultures within the Antioch church, said that the Gentiles should eschew their former pagan practices associated with idolatry. The embattled southern border is entering its third year of a historic migrant crisis that has smashed records and seen hundreds of thousands of migrants cross into the U.S. each month many of them are bringing their dogs, who need to be left behind. Discovery Company. It is not to be confused with the Lorraine cross, which has sometimes been called the Jerusalem cross. Why the OK? [7], At about the same time, the cross of Jerusalem in gold on a silver field appears as the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in early armorials such as the Camden Roll. Independent skin tattoo. The gold and silver were also connected to Psalms 68:13, which mentions a "dove covered in silver, and her feathers with yellow gold". The cross is one of the central themes in Christianity. So the honor is for you who believe, but for those who do not believe, The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone, and A stone of stumbling, and a rock of offense.. Regular price: $299.00. They were very powerful and wealthy, which Jewish Illuminati envied, so they persecuted and tortured them. Never cross the street without carefully looking around, and make sure no one is speeding at . None of this nuanced history tends to appear in the manifestos of terrorists, or would-be car-bombers. De Bouillon believed that the cross symbolized Jesus Christ and the city of Jerusalem which is the root of Christianity. From this, you can see the geographical and religious influences of the time that created this heraldic emblem that is still used (mostly) in Catholic tradition today. From the 1090s until the 1290s, territorial wars were thereafter waged against a variety of Muslim rulers in Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Its a symbol that should be easily recognized and known world wide. Instead, the film That Jew Died for You uses the Holocaust for Christian propaganda, ending with a quote from the book of Isaiah that evangelical Christians have long used to explain the meaning of Jesus's death on the cross: "But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we were healed.". He called the Order the Poor . One Roman insulted another by using it on a graffito discovered in the Stabian baths of Pompeii: "May you be nailed to the cross!" Classical texts similarly use the term "cross" in curses. There are many foundational emphases which must be constantly maintained: The emphasis on the call to Jewish life, the place of Torah in the New Covenant, proper critical and biblical evaluation of Rabbinic Judaism through the absolute authority of scripture, the importance of the power of the Spirit in winning our people to the Messiah, raising But originally it was an internal debate within, What was God's role in Auschwitz? Legend says that when the Fatimid Caliph wanted to destroy Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the supposed site of Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection, Christians hid the True Cross that held his body. However, the glyph associated with that character according to the official Unicode character sheet is shown as a simple cross potent, and not a Jerusalem cross. One of the busiest regions of crusading was in fact the Baltic, where for centuries armies wearing crusader crosses fought against pagans in modern Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. to Egypt,Jordan,Israel . The Jerusalem cross features one large central cross with equidistant arms and crossbars at each end, with four smaller Greek . 31% coupon applied at checkout Save 31% with coupon. In late medieval heraldry the Crusader's cross was used for various Crusader states. One of the leaders of the Crusades, Godfrey de Bouillon, was the first to use the Jerusalem Cross as a distinct symbol of the new Crusader state, known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. [3], The Gelre Armorial (14th century) attributes to the "emperors of Constantinople" (the Latin Empire) a variant of the Jerusalem cross with the four crosslets inscribed in circles. The central cross stands for Christ and the four smaller crosses stand for the 4 evangelists John, Luke, Mark, and Matthew. Jerusalem Crosses are a popular choice among those who are looking for a symbolic way to express their faith and remind them of Jesus' connection to the Holy Land. So the Jewish Illuminati infiltrated the Masons and turned it into their own evil satanist glorification. The crusades have immense propaganda value to anyone who wishes to suggest that the Islamic world and the Christian West are engaged in a permanent civilizational war dating back a thousand years or more, from which there is no escape and in which there can only be one victor. The four smaller crosses represent the spread of Christianity to the four corners of the earth. the five wounds Jesus suffered on the cross, Who is the patron saint of pandemics? And after the papacy of Innocent III (1198-1216) popes began to use the crusade as a blunt political instrument against their allies, launching crusades against Christian rulers up to and including Holy Roman Emperors supposedly the secular defender of Christendom in the west. While the Jerusalem cross was once used as a sign of Christian authority in the Holy Land, there are different symbols associated with it. So when I was in the jewelry section of the store I asked the salesman to see a Anchor Cross . Its weight during the Crusades was far from negligible, and the cross still serves today as an emblem of certain branches of Christianity. Greek crosses, Latin crosses, Celtic crosses, and Jerusalem crosses are just a few examples of the different types of crosses created throughout the history of the Catholic faith. Crusaders where the ones actually cursed; success was never on their side; they were just the Popes mercenaries. But there is risk in this hyper-visibility. Already. In other words, the medieval crusades did indeed contain a clear spine of conflict between Christian and Islamic powers. Skrewdriver life rune patch. The large cross represents Christ as the strength at the center of Christianity and the smaller crosses as the 4 corners of the earth to which the faith spread. A simple blazon of or, a cross argent is documented by Matthew Paris as the arms of John de Brienne, who had been king of Jerusalem during 12101212, upon John's death in 1237. If anything, it makes them more dangerous because people use them without fully considering their damaging and deadly implications. It If they were well intended, they would have overcome the Muzzies. Further, the Jerusalem Council made it abundantly clear that these rules were not requirements for . You can give away these lovely and meaningful crosses at high school retreats or simply keep one for yourself to help you during times of reflection. In this case, the deception is that the center cross was that of the Templars, who were genuine Christian warriors who protected Christians in the Holy Land. For example, it was given to German soldiers who defended Germany against Napoleon. 12 1 worship god religion. It is also often referred to as the Crusaders Cross and less frequently as the Cantonese Cross. Even now, the cross of Jerusalem, or the Crusaders cross, is regarded as the emblem of order and the esteemed Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. Browse jerusalem cross images and find your perfect picture. Even after the overthrow of the Crusader state in 1291, the cross remained a symbol of Jerusalem for Christians and became the emblem of the esteemed Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. He was astonished by the beautiful crafting of the Jerusalem cross and decided to include the symbol in the coins of England. Nowhere is the . It may not be who you think, Catholics Celebrate Palm Sunday as the Path of Peace, The Top 4 Catholic Medals for Men and Women. When I was in Israel the bus stopped so we could buy souvenirs . The 5 crosses represent the five nations that figured in The Crusades: Great Britain, France, Spain, Germany, and Italy. The current flag was used by the Georgian patriotic movement following the countrys independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. This symbol is also used in the flag of Georgia. At that time military situation in March of 1865, he decided that he had no alternative but to an Set the prisoners free and Gaza residents reported heavy artillery and naval shelling helicopter. The symbol is basically composed of 5 crosses; 1 large central cross with 4 smaller crosses in each quadrant. Unique Design Jerusalem Cross that opens up The Jerusalem Cross goes back to the 4th century. Did you know that the flag of the Georgia Republic also features the Jerusalem Cross? 2 0 burning . -Love without truth is deception The publication has crossed a line design, also known as & quot ;, with the! Because he feels he is appropriating it, he understands its a symbol of the fall of Muslim control of Jerusalem and doesnt see it as a Christian symbol, just Jerusalem. The symbolism of five crosses representing the Five Wounds is first recorded in the context of the consecration of the St Brelade's Church under the patronage of Robert of Normandy (before 1035); the crosses are incised in the church's altar stone. And, like any other brand, they are also subject to evolution and changing tastes. The symbolism associated with the cross also denotes positive meanings. The Jerusalem Post Customer Service Center can be contacted with any questions or requests: Telephone: *2421 * Extension 4 Jerusalem Post or 03-7619056 Fax: 03-5613699 E-mail: [email protected] Photograph: YouTube, esus wasn't a Christian that word exists for his followers and came later. Sale price: $229.00. God knows out thoughts and mindseverything we arewe were and tbat we will be.such trivialites need not be debatedKnow one is fooling Godthe faithful will be uplifted while the test fall away.be concerned only with the steadfastness that is in your own heart. The Jerusalem cross consists of a large center cross with four smaller Greek crosses (a cross with four equal arms, similar to a plus sign) in each quadrant. In the orders coat of arms, you will see a crown symbolizing the Father and ruler of heaven. (The crusaders and their allies suffered a crushing defeat.). The general idea is that the looped and extended fingers resemble the letters W and P, standing for white power.. I served in the navy two I liked the Anchor Cross . This Jerusalem cross represents Christ's command to spread the Gospel around the world, a mission that started in Jerusalem. It is a busy collection of five crosses and the most common interpretations are: The Crusaders cross is also sometimes referred to as the New Jerusalem Cross, focusing attention on the Divine and heavenly restoration of Jerusalem. The idea here is that Jesus's death is a punishment by God for human wickedness. The Jerusalem cross is undeniably a very important symbol of the Middle Ages and still today. Gary. - Quora. And, in time, this argument came to be restyled by Jesus' gentile followers as an attack upon Jews per se. We can therefore easily imagine kings wearing this kind of. As believers, the cross of Jerusalem reminds us of the centrality of Jesus in our lives and the importance of the message of the Gospel in our daily lives. Nowhere is the symbolism of the cross more potent than in Jerusalem crosses, with their four crosses in the corners of the emblem, surrounding the central cross. We were not that far from Cyprus and the salesman returned and told me he did not have one . Triskelion "three sevens" tattoo. We also offer helpful advice on how to use symbols in your everyday life, so you can bring more meaning and intention into your life. Photograph: YouTube, esus wasn't a Christian that word exists for his followers and came later. Its one thing to ink oneself up with symbols; its quite another to, as Pitcavage pointed out, use these symbols as a form of intimidation. One thing I see every once in a while is a 1488 represented with a pair of dice, Pitcavage says. Two branches wrap around the lower part of the symbol. Crusaders where the ones actually cursed; success was never on their side; they were just the Popes mercenaries. The Jerusalem Cross is rich in symbolism and meaning and goes by many different names, including the Crusader's Cross. The cross was minted on a coin while in the reign of John II in 1285-85. Pride, envy, bigotry, lust, greed, vanity and suburban indifference is based on model. Given the history of Christian antisemitism, using the murder of 6 million Jews as a pretext for converting Jews to Christianity is mind-bogglingly offensive. The Jerusalem cross is often used in frequency selective surface application. While the symbol of the five-fold cross appears to originate in the 11th century, its association with the Kingdom of Jerusalem dates to the second half of the 13th century. The story is from a 1968 book about pre-independence shipping in this country . After World War I, a number of far-right nationalist movements adopted the swastika. Already watched by more than a million people, it shows Jesus, carrying a cross, being selected by Nazi guards for the gas chambers. The Nazis believed that Scandinavians were pure Aryans, just like Germans were, Pitcavage says. 29 11 worship god jesus. We should naturally infer from this passage that St. Paul had at one time seemed to preach, or at least to permit, circumcision. As the arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the design is traditionally attributed to Godfrey of Bouillon himself. The Jerusalem Cross and The Five Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ The Templars became the Freemasons, and were equally successful. And, of course, lost it to Saladin at the Battle of Hattin. The rune, an innocent symbol outside of its appropriation by white supremacists, is related to ideas of "homeland" and "inheritance." It is also rooted in Germanic and pagan Viking cultures, two. And, in time, this argument came to be restyled by Jesus' gentile followers as an attack upon Jews per se. It presents an interesting creative challenge. crosses on it . Each of the Synoptic Gospels recounts that at the moment of Jesus's deepest agony as he hung on the cross, the soldiers and people in the crowd mocked him, saying, "Save yourself, and come down from the cross!" He was one of the leaders of the Crusades and became the first ruler of Jerusalem (he refused the title of king) after successfully driving out the Moslems during the First Crusade in 1099. The inscription S. Celtic Cross tattoo. Crusader memes, such as an image of a Knight Templar accompanied by the caption Ill see your jihad and raise you one crusade, are popular on hard-right talk-boards and Facebook pages. No, he was defending the faith and Christian lands so Christians could live and worship in peace in their own lands. The Jerusalem cross is believed to represent several things. Danh mc . A family legacy, written in ink. We were not that far from Cyprus and the salesman returned and told me he did not have one . Like other symbols in this article, a lot of what determines whether the OK sign is a hate symbol is the context in which it is used. Our legal professionals have been providing services in Northern California for over 25 years. In was an internal debate in the same way that the prophets of the Hebrew scriptures, such as Jeremiah, often attacked the priests of the temple for missing the point. Two branches wrap around the lower part of the symbol. Answer (1 of 7): Because of rules. Sharing Jesus and his gift of eternal life must be shared above all with our family and loved ones. This understanding of what Christians mean by salvation known technically as penal substitutionary atonement was actually unknown in the early church, though some Christians seem to think it is the only way of understanding the cross. Indeed, there are multiple other readings of the cross, which do not rely on this payback model but, out of respect, I am not going to go into that here. In the Holy Land, Muslim mercenaries such as the light cavalry known as turcopoles were often happy to fight alongside Christians. There are variants to the design, also known as "Jerusalem cross", with either the four crosslets also in the form of Crosses potent, or conversely with the central cross, also in the form of a plain Greek cross. Jesus was welcomed into Jerusalem by people holding palm branches in the last week of his life. Please see our wide variety of Jerusalem cross pendants and chains. The Maltese cross is nowadays widely used and associated with Malta as a country, used by the national airline Air Malta as part of its livery, and even featuring . Carlo Maggi, a Venetian nobleman who visited Jerusalem and was made a knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in the early 1570s, included the Jerusalem cross in his coat of arms. Israel appealed to Pope Francis, the head of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the United Nations Secretary-General on Wednesday to help it recover four citizens held in the Gaza Strip for more than seven years. A question often prohibited, but always asked, Only a great writer can share the suffering of Auschwitz, Hopes of justice amid the atrocities of Auschwitz, Otto Dov Kulka's Holocaust account wins Jewish Quarterly-Wingate prize, Campaigners hope pope's visit to Israel will see Vatican Holocaust files released, SirNicholas Winton: 105th birthday party for man who saved 669 children from the Nazis, Author of fake Holocaust memoir ordered to return $22.5m to publisher. The Jerusalem Cross is a cross that features four small crosslets on each of the four quadrants of the main Cross. Five crosses representing the five wounds of Jesus on the cross (small crosses for the hands and feet, and the large central cross for the spear wound in His side. The hidden meaning of the Jerusalem Cross and its significance for all Christians. Jerusalem is the capital of the modern nation of Israel and a major holy city for the three Western traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.It sits on spurs of bedrock between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea area. You can still see those Crusader influences in Israel today, particularly in Jerusalem, there are more churches and institutions belonging to different Christian denominations than in any other place in the world. Templar Cross Women's Jerusalem Cross Pendant with Chain [HM0847] $5599. 9:29 AM EDT, Sat September 28, 2019, Anti-Defamation League released an updated list, Anti-Defamation Leagues Center on Extremism, in what their leader told The New York Times, Sean Michael Gillespie was arrested for trying to firebomb an Oklahoma synagogue, were accused of plotting to assassinate President Barack Obama, tried to convince the Internet a simple bird meme was actually a hate symbol, 1. At about the same time, the Pizzigano chart uses it as the flag of Tbilisi (based on the latter example, the Crusader's cross was adopted as the flag of Georgia in 2004). In a Lenten hymn we hear the words: "Under the weight of the Cross Jesus welcomes the Cyrenean". "Just another Jew," the guards sneer. I also run two weekly residential conferences each year, and am willing to teach wherever there is an open mind to the end time . A derived design known as the "Episcopal Church Service Cross" was first used during World War I by the Anglican Episcopal Church in the United States. Hate rock label patch. Sociopaths take great delight in deceiving others. Painting by Frederic Schopin(1804-1880) depicting the First Crusade "Battle delivered under the walls of Antioch between the crusaders led by Bohemond and the army of Karbouka, general of the Sultan of Persia, June 1098". Given Jesus' command to go and preach even in Samaria, we could say that it is our duty to share our faith even with those we do not like. This same symbol was adopted as the coat of arms and the emblem of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the 1280s. The driving in Israel is a little crazy as locals are always in a rush, and not very patient. Later, from the fourteenth century onwards, Christian rulers and crusading military organizations did battle with armies of the Ottoman empire across the Mediterranean and into eastern Europe and the Balkans. But, sometimes, followers of hate groups will obscure symbols altogether, so they only make sense to people that have similar ideological literacy. Jerusalem Cross 14k Gold pendant from the Holy Land Three layers of gold - yellow, Rose and white. The visibility of hate symbols also makes them prime fodder for trolls and other neer-do-wells who know such symbols are shorthands for fear, pain and outrage like teenagers tagging the sides of buildings or a recent incident in which a group online tried to convince the Internet a simple bird meme was actually a hate symbol by photo-shopping a swastika on it. Templars were traitors to the Faith. The branches of the cross Means to the Lost ( 2Cor 5:14 ) 1 < >! While Othala runes are on their way in, other time-tested symbols are on their way out. It is an interesting distortion of a hateful tradition in which devotees try desperately to control the message to conveniently hide their beliefs under hidden lip tattoos and white hoods (and online anonymity) while perpetuating symbols and messages that, like a virus, dont need a specific host to cause harm. Whether you are starting your practice from home, or are a large firm in need of temporary and/or long term contract services, we are your one stop legal shop. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. It was then adopted by the Crusaders and is, therefore also known as the Crusaders Cross.. Finally, for all that modern zealots like to paint the crusades as a period of mutual hostility between Christians and Muslims, the truth is that the story was more often one of co-operation, trade and co-existence between people of different faiths and backgrounds. It is a horrible irony, then, that Christianity bears primary responsibility for historic antisemitism. Jesus wasn't a Christian that word exists for his followers and came later. Stainless Steel Jerusalem Cross Pendant - 1 1/4" H [TSG1012] $2700. For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, Jump to Previous Appointed Cause Causes Destined Disobedient Disobey Doom Fall Falling Foot God's Makes Message Offence Offense Purpose Rock Stone Strike Strikes Stumble Stumbling Trouble Unbelieving Whereunto Word Jump to Next 8 0 jesus cross. What We Can Learn About Being Good From a Village That Saved Thousands During the Holocaust, Underwater Noise Pollution Is Disrupting Ocean LifeBut We Can Fix It. This is apparently reported in an 1829 vexillological publication ( , , ("Collection of banners, flags and pennants, used in the Russian Empire", St. Petersburg, 1829, reprinted 1833; the historicity of this is doubtful, c.f. He wore a gold chain with a gold cross in the shape of an anchor from his old country . Another abrupt transition. Sure, he debated furiously with the Pharisees and Sadducees, especially about the significance of the temple. The assault rifles and automatic shotguns used to carry out his crimes were daubed with the references to crusader battles dating back to the twelfth century AD and the names of crusader warriors including the medieval lord Bohemond of Taranto, prince of Antioch. A Prayer Book for the Armed Services: For Chaplains and Those in Service, Church Publishing, Inc., 2008, Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem, A re-examination of the classification and chronology of the, Kings and Coins in Medieval England VI - Henry II's Cross-and Crosslets coinage (115880), Byzantium: Arms and Emblems (hubert-herald.nl), "A Quasi-Yagi Antenna Backed by a Jerusalem Cross Frequency Selective Surface", Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerusalem_cross&oldid=1117824961, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 19:51. Last year, a large neo-Nazi group called the National Socialist Movement announced it would be shedding depictions of the swastika in what their leader told The New York Times was an attempt to become more integrated and more mainstream.. Still, most people seek what Pitcavage calls a controlled display: A swastika on their back thats only visible when they take off their shirt; or a tattoo on the inside of the lower lip. Stainless Steel Jerusalem Cross Pendant - 1 1/4" H [TSG1002] $2700. The arms of the King of Jerusalem featured gold on silver (in the case of John de Brienne, silver on gold), a metal on a metal, and thus broke the heraldic Rule of Tincture; this was justified by the fact that Jerusalem was so holy, it was above ordinary rules. Do you think Urban II was concerned about being offensive? "We are Copts, we come from Egypt, and in Egypt . To see where Jesus walked . They were neither a glorious clash of civilizations, nor a model for the world as it is today. Some crosses, such as the Latin cross, are simple in design, while others, including the Celtic and Jerusalem crosses are more elaborate. The kingdom was ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse, although the crusaders themselves and their descendants were an elite Catholic minority. Sure, he debated furiously with the Pharisees and Sadducees, especially about the significance of the temple. Jerusalemcrusaderscaptured Jerusalem in 1099, overthrowing Islamic rule. Please log in again. He came back with this Christian cross with 5 No, the Jerusalem cross is not considered offensive. Lots of them died while trying to cross the territories that were controlled by Muslims. In 1204, during the ill-fated Fourth Crusade, a French and Venetian fleet disgorged an army which laid siege to Constantinople, slaughtering and robbing Greek Christians and burning hundreds of acres of the greatest city in eastern Christendom to the ground. The hidden meaning of the Jerusalem cross and its significance for Christians Pause for Faith 5.91K subscribers Subscribe 57 Share Save 2.8K views 1 year ago The hidden meaning of the. Templars were traitors to the Faith. Fenris Wolf Pagan/Odinist symbol tattoo. Jerusalem Cross inlaid into a marble plaque. The large cross symbolizes Christ. They want to openly proclaim their affiliation to the cause. It was used as a battle cry by Christian Crusaders in the 11th century and is strongly associated with the Princes' Crusade, which was responsible for the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099. He pretty much followed the Jewish law, departing from it only in the name of what he saw as its deeper meaning. So what, then, about this unpleasant video recently released by the evangelical organisation Jews for Jesus, and widely dubbed as one of the most offensive religious videos ever made? Updated January 22, 2019. Its name does not come from anywhere: this variant of the Christian cross was notably used as the emblem and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from the end of the 13th century. Its a cross to me to wear so others will see it and there neighbor .Amen. As the Knights Hospitallers stayed in Malta, the cross became known as the Maltese cross. The most common one is about the Five Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ. The Jerusalem Cross is a major symbol used in Christianity, representing Christs command to spread the Gospel around the world beginning in Jerusalem. Yet the great Syrian soldier-poet Usama ibn Munqidh (d.1188) wrote of the Templars in warm and friendly terms, recounting that when he visited crusader Jerusalem the Templars in their global headquarters would clear out one of their chapels to allow him to pray towards Mecca. In Germany going all the way back to the 1800s, the Iron Cross was a medal given to soldiers for bravery in battle or special service. This Christian cross is a common souvenir item in shops outside the church because of its importance. The knights of the Temple (Templars) were actually cursed by the Vatican for trying to defend Christianity (serve God, not the Pope) using a thoughtful and orderly approach, well define military strategies; and well thought objectives. We have office locations throughout Northern California for your convenience. And they had picked their target: an apartment complex in Garden City housing Somalian Muslim refugees. The Jerusalem Cross is often called the Crusader's Cross because it was on the papal banner given to the crusaders by Pope Urban II in the Middle Ages. 2023 Cable News Network. Superficially, at least, it is possible to read the history of the medieval crusades in such a way. Because it is a universal Klan symbol, people would notice, he continues. Website powered by, A combination of the Old Testament teachings (the four Tau Crosses) and the New Testament teachings (the four Greek Crosses), The four evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, with Christ in the center Christianity (central cross) broadcast by missionaries to the four corners of the world.