ancient mesopotamia poster. He wears a horned crown so he resembles a god. Spread wings are part of one type of representation for Ishtar. Listen on the Audio app, available on theApp StoreandGoogle Play. Blessing genie, about 716BCE. You can access a selection of, Some objects in this collection feature on the audio description guide, available on. According to Thorkild Jacobsen, that shrine could have been located inside a brothel.[20]. Louvre AO19865.
Yes, Anu created the universe and the gods, but also the monsters and demons of Mesopotamian mythology. In concluding Collon states: "[Edith Porada] believed that, with time, a forgery would look worse and worse, whereas a genuine object would grow better and better. His animal is the bull. The Crown of Horns was an evil, intelligent artifact of great power. Its original provenance remains unknown. Mesopotamia is important because it witnessed crucial advancements in the development of human civilisation between 6000-1550 BC. "[33] The earlier translation implies an association of the demon Lilith with a shrieking owl and at the same time asserts her god-like nature; the modern translation supports neither of these attributes. of the horned crown and its meaning.1 Contents: 1. Egyptian goddess Hathor is also commonly depicted as a cow goddess with head horns in which is set a sun disk with Uraeus. [19] Such a shrine might have been a dedicated space in a large private home or other house, but not the main focus of worship in one of the cities' temples, which would have contained representations of gods sculpted in the round. Firing burned out the chaff, leaving characteristic voids and the pitted surface we see now; Curtis and Collon believe the surface would have appeared smoothed by ochre paint in antiquity. 8x12.
Reading the Horned Crown - JSTOR [2] From Burney, it passed to the collection of Norman Colville, after whose death it was acquired at auction by the Japanese collector Goro Sakamoto. horned crown mesopotamia. [26] The bird's feet have not always been well preserved, but there are no counter-examples of a nude, winged goddess with human feet. Name and character [ edit] The subject of research is Mesopotamia and its neighboring countries (northern Syria, Anatolia, Elam), ie landscapes in which cuneiform writing was written at certain times, and, secondarily, more remote peripheral areas (Egypt). Later An/Anu came to share or cede these functions, as Enlil and subsequently Marduk rose to prominence, but retained his essential character and high status throughout Mesopotamian history. He functioned as the sukkal (attendant deity) of Ningishzida, and most likely was a dying god similar to Dumuzi and Damu, but his character is not well known otherwise. 1813-1781 BCE) boasts that Anu and Enlil called him to greatness (Grayson 1987: A.0.39.1. The fabrication of religious imagery might have been done by specialized artisans: large numbers of smaller, devotional plaques have been excavated that were fabricated in molds. They lie prone; their heads are sculpted with attention to detail, but with a degree of artistic liberty in their form, e.g., regarding their rounded shapes. [10] However, in all major aspects, the relief has survived intact for more than 3,500years. Raphael Patai (1990)[30] believes the relief to be the only existent depiction of a Sumerian female demon called lilitu and thus to define lilitu's iconography. This resource is temporarily unavailable. However, before any of these cultures existed there were the people of Mesopotamia. However, during the fifth century BCE Anu's cult enjoyed a revival at Uruk, and ritual texts describing the involvement of his statue in the local akitu festival survive from the Seleucid period (e.g., TCL 6, 39; TCL 6, 40; BRM 4, 07). 4. The frontal presentation of the deity is appropriate for a plaque of worship, since it is not just a "pictorial reference to a god" but "a symbol of his presence". An also had a "seat" in the main temple of Babylon [~/images/Babylon.jpg], Esagil, and received offerings at Nippur [~/images/Nippur.jpg], Sippar [~/images/Sippar.jpg] and Kish [~/images/Kish.jpg]. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. The power of being the Father or King of all gods is treated as a responsibility by Anu and the Anunnaki, as well as in the Mesopotamian legends as a whole. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. During the early dynastic period (middle of the 3rdmillennium BC) the horned crown (HC) is developed in Mesopotamia in order to enable recognition of the divine character in anthropomorphic representations of gods. There, the king opposes a god, and both are shown in profile. The oldest cuneiform tablets do not mention Anu's origins. The Mesopotamians (~3000 - 1100 BC) are the earliest known civilizations that had pantheons, or sets of gods. The feathers of her wings and the owls' feathers were also colored red, alternating with black and white. As the head is uppermost and imminently visible it is thereby ideal when seeking to make a strong social, Through published works and in the classroom, Irene Winter served as a mentor for the latest generation of scholars of Mesopotamian visual culture. [citation needed] Forged by Trebbe, a Netherese arcanist, and later enhanced by Myrkul, the former god of Death,[citation needed] it carried with it a long history of corruption and tragedy. The review section focuses on monographs. The cuneiform sign AN also has the value DINGIR, 'god' (Akkadian ilu(m)), and is used as the determinative for deities, yet in Sumerian An's name is never written with the divine determinative. Enki's wife, Ninhursag, is also included in the creation stories sometimes. For example, the Eanna Temple in the city of Uruk was originally dedicated to Anu by his cult. From the Old Babylonian period (ca. Das Archiv fr Orientforschung verffentlicht Aufstze und Rezensionen auf dem Gebiet der altorientalischen Philologie (Sprachen: Sumerisch, Akkadisch, Hethitisch, Hurritisch, Elamisch u.a. The similarity between the two also indicates that their individual legends blurred together over time. Kathryn Stevens, 'An/Anu (god)', Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Oracc and the UK Higher Education Academy, 2013 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/an/], http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/an/, ETCSL 2.4.4.5, an unfortunately fragmentary, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Royal Inscriptions, The Corpus of Ancient Mesopotamian Scholarship, Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. That was an especially difficult task because wild asses could run faster than donkeys and even kungas, and were impossible to tame, she said. Anu is also mentioned in the prologue to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Request Permissions, Published By: GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press. Overall, the relief is in excellent condition. In this episode, Inanna's holy Huluppu tree is invaded by malevolent spirits. In a typical statue of the genre, Pharaoh Menkaura and two goddesses, Hathor and Bat are shown in human form and sculpted naturalistically, just as in the Burney Relief; in fact, Hathor has been given the features of Queen KhamerernebtyII. [5][6], The Crown was sundered by her future consort, the archmage Khelben "Blackstaff" Arunsun, who locked its pieces away within the heavily protected walls of his tower, Blackstaff Tower. If this were the correct identification, it would make the relief (and by implication the smaller plaques of nude, winged goddesses) the only known figurative representations of Ereshkigal.
Gods and Goddesses - Mesopotamia [citationneeded] People and creatures who had remained dedicated to Myrkul, or who had become dedicated to him following his demise, devoted themselves to him through the Crown of Horns by touching it and were known as Horned Harbingers. It is emblematic of the horn possessed by Zeus's nurse, the Greek nymph Amalthaea (q.v. Louvre, AO 12456, Woman, from a temple. In at least one story, Anu creates the Sebettu demons so that the war-god Erra can kill the humans.
Relief panel | Assyrian - The Metropolitan Museum of Art Apart from its distinctive iconography, the piece is noted for its high relief and relatively large size making it a very rare survival from the period. Less frequently, gods are identified by a written label or dedication; such labels would only have been intended for the literate elites. Lines have been scratched into the surface of the ankle and toes to depict the scutes, and all visible toes have prominent talons. Similar images have been found on a number of plaques, on a vase from Larsa, and on at least one cylinder seal; they are all from approximately the same time period. Later he is regarded as the son of Anar and Kiar, as in the first millennium creation epic Enma eli (Tablet I, 11-14). Anu does offer immortality to Adapa, however. Yahweh does this to prevent them from also eating from the Tree of Life (i.e., immortality). $5.99 $ 5. In Enma eli Anu turns back in fear from Tiamat (Tablet II, lines 105-6), paving the way for Marduk's triumph and elevation above him which characterises Babylonian literature and religious practice in the late second and early first millennium. If so, it must be Liltu [] the demon of an evil wind", named ki-sikil-lil-la[nb 16] (literally "wind-maiden" or "phantom-maiden", not "beautiful maiden", as Kraeling asserts). To the southwest, Egypt was ruled by the 12th dynasty; further to the west the Minoan civilization, centred on Crete with the Old Palace in Knossos, dominated the Mediterranean. The owls shown are recognizable, but not sculpted naturalistically: the shape of the beak, the length of the legs, and details of plumage deviate from those of the owls that are indigenous to the region. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [6], The relief is a terracotta (fired clay) plaque, 50 by 37 centimetres (20in 15in) large, 2 to 3 centimetres (0.79 to 1.18in) thick, with the head of the figure projecting 4.5 centimetres (1.8in) from the surface. Dal 1913 G e B Press pubblica libri e periodici che riflettono la missione affidata al Pontificio Istituto Biblico e alla Pontificia Universit Gregoriana. Often kings are depicted in Mesopotamian art wearing Anu's crown. The cities of Der, Lagas and Ur also had important temples, shrines or gardens dedicated to Anu. Temples and shrines to An/Anu existed in various cities throughout Mesopotamian history. For example, a hymn by, The goddess is depicted standing on mountains. 2000-1595 BCE) a Sumerian prayer to An asks him to protect the kingship of Rim-Sin, king of Ur (ETCSL 2.6.9.3) and several royal hymns to An survive (ETCSL 2.4.4.5, an unfortunately fragmentary adab to An for u-Suen; ETCSL 2.5.5.3, an adab to An for Lipit-Itar; ETCSL 2.5.6.5, an adab to An for Ur-Ninurta). Her toes are extended down, without perspective foreshortening; they do not appear to rest upon a ground line and thus give the figure an impression of being dissociated from the background, as if hovering.[5]. The Ubaid culture are thought to have developed into the Mesopotamians. Objects found at the Royal Cemetery at Ur in southern Iraq are of particular importance, including tombs, skeletons, jewellery, pottery and musical instruments that were excavated on behalf of the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. No.
Mesopotamia | British Museum Enlil, Anu's son, becomes a primary focus of worship. Sacral text was usually written in, Lowell K. Handy article Lilith Anchor Bible Dictionary, Bible Review Vol 17 Biblical Archaeology Society - 2001 "LILITH? Sometimes it was said that he did this alone, other times it was said he worked with two of the other most powerful gods, Enlil and Ea. Last entry: 16.00(Fridays: 19.30).
(PDF) Horned gods in ancient motifs | Elham Talebi - Academia.edu Tiamat frightens Anu into submission, and Anu reports his failure to the rest of the younger gods. He has taught Earth-Space Science and Integrated Science at a Title 1 School in Florida and has Professional Teacher's Certification for Earth-Space Science. Apart from its distinctive iconography, the piece is noted for its high relief and relatively large size making it a very rare survival from the period. [9], In its dimensions, the unique plaque is larger than the mass-produced terracotta plaques popular art or devotional items of which many were excavated in house ruins of the Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods. The contributions to this volume in her honor, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. [3], The Crown of Horns was originally designed by the Netherese archwizard Trebbe, the founder of the flying Netherese enclave Shadowtop Borough. "[13] Therefore, Ur is one possible city of origin for the relief, but not the only one: Edith Porada points out the virtual identity in style that the lion's tufts of hair have with the same detail seen on two fragments of clay plaques excavated at Nippur. As misfortune would have it, the two successfully completed their projects at precisely the same time on Shadowtop Borough. It's important to note that Anu's powers to create didn't always end well for humans. Marduk defeats a chosen champion of Tiamat, and then kills Tiamat herself. Mesopotamian mythology and Mesopotamian deities explain the origins of Sumer. The beginning of the myth on the cylinder mentions a sort of consorting of the heaven (An) and the earth: "In the Sacred area of Nibru, the storm roared, the lights flashed. Functions The authenticity of the object has been questioned from its first appearance in the 1930s, but opinion has generally moved in its favour over the subsequent decades. The period covered covers the 4th to 1st millennium BC. Consequently, his major roles are as an authority figure, decision-maker and progenitor. In Sumerian texts of the third millennium the goddess Ura is his consort; later this position was taken by Ki, the personification of earth, and in Akkadian texts by Antu, whose name is probably derived from his own. The discourse continued however: in her extensive reanalysis of stylistic features, Albenda once again called the relief "a pastiche of artistic features" and "continue[d] to be unconvinced of its antiquity". [27] In its totality here perhaps representing any sort of a measured act of a "weighing" event, further suggestion of an Egyptian influence. [nb 14] Many examples have been found on cylinder seals. millennium. Sumer, known as the "land of the kings", was founded in southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) between 4500 and 4000 BCE. Life in the Babylonian Empire Babylonia thrived under Hammurabi. Compared with how important religious practice was in Mesopotamia, and compared to the number of temples that existed, very few cult figures at all have been preserved. Bullae Clay seals with impressed symbols used for record keeping Examples of urbanism in Uruk 236 lessons. It is associated with gods who have some connection with mountains but not restricted to any one deity in particular.[20]. Later historians speculated that this was an attempt to create an item similar to the Crown of Horns.[9]. A rebuttal to Albenda by Curtis and Collon (1996) published the scientific analysis; the British Museum was sufficiently convinced of the relief to purchase it in 2003. 2334-2279 BCE) both call themselves his priests. Anu offers Adapa the gift of immortality. psicoticismo ejemplos /  cheap houses for rent in johnston county, nc / horned crown mesopotamia; horned crown mesopotamia . They lived in the areas surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq. His symbol is a horned crown, sometimes shown resting on a throne (see below). This image shows a stamp created by the Ubaid peoples. It was originally received in three pieces and some fragments by the British Museum; after repair, some cracks are still apparent, in particular a triangular piece missing on the right edge, but the main features of the deity and the animals are intact. The Sumerians describe him as the embodiment of the sky which can come to Earth in human form. The Mesopotamians (~3000 - 1100 BC) are the earliest known civilizations that had pantheons, or sets of gods. Egyptian men and women are characterised in the visual arts by distinct headdresses. The breasts are full and high, but without separately modelled nipples. Any surrounding or prior cultures either did not leave enough behind, or not enough information remains about them that may have been able to describe possible gods or stories. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Elamite invaders then toppled the third Dynasty of Ur and the population declined to about 200,000; it had stabilized at that number at the time the relief was made. [5] A spur-like protrusion, fold, or tuft extends from her calves just below the knee, which Collon interprets as dewclaws. Cairo Museum. However, when Myrkul died at Midnight's hand during the Time of Troubles, the god tore the broken shards of the Crown from Blackstaff Tower, reforged it into a new shape, and infused it with the remains of his sentience before teleporting away. - opens in a modal which shows a larger image and a caption. Sumerian an means "heaven, sky", and An can therefore be seen as the personified heavens. Anu punishes Ea for this, but respects Adapa's decision to refuse immortality. First, there is no single Mesopotamian 'religion.'. At around the same time, Anu features for the first time in Assyrian royal inscriptions; ami-Adad I (ca. No other examples of owls in an iconographic context exist in Mesopotamian art, nor are there textual references that directly associate owls with a particular god or goddess. The legs, feet and talons are red. [27], Winged gods, other mythological creatures, and birds are frequently depicted on cylinder seals and steles from the 3rd millennium all the way to the Assyrians. 1-3) 2. The god Enlil, who was a god of air and who also granted kings their authority, came to replace Anu in some places by the end of the second millennium BCE. Der abgedeckte Zeitraum umfat das 4. bis 1.
horned crown mesopotamia 105-160) (comprising tables showing regional and chronological
[28] However, the specific depiction of the hanging wings of the nude goddess may have evolved from what was originally a cape.[29]. Anu is also associated with a sacred animal, the bull. Anu and Ki gave birth to the Anunnaki, which was the group of gods to the Mesopotamians. The Old Babylonian composition Gilgame, Enkidu and the Netherworld (ETCSL 1.8.1.4) refers to the primeval division of the universe in which An received the heavens (lines 11-12), and we see him ruling from here in the flood poem Atrahasis. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. da-nu(m).
Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses - An/Anu (god) KK Reddy and Associates is a professionally managed firm. . In artistic representations, Anu is often depicted wearing a horned crown, and sometimes seated on a throne. The flood sweeps the land and Zi-ud-sura is on a huge boat for seven days and seven nights, before Utu (the sun god) illuminates heaven and earth. The 1936 London Illustrated News feature had "no doubt of the authenticity" of the object which had "been subjected to exhaustive chemical examination" and showed traces of bitumen "dried out in a way which is only possible in the course of many centuries". The first Mesopotamians, the Sumerians, believed in a different god than the one in the bible.
Horned crown Brill - BrillOnline The stylized treatment of her hair could represent a ceremonial wig. With this distinguished role, Anu held the venerated position of being head of the Anunnaki, or the pantheon of gods. [7], Myrkul, through the Crown, continued to spread evil through the Realms, tormenting members of the Church of Cyric as well as hapless innocents, avoiding allies of Khelben and temples of Mystra. The headdress has some damage to its front and right hand side, but the overall shape can be inferred from symmetry. Yes, he could take human form, but really he was the embodiment of the sky itself. He is described in myths and legends as being responsible for the creation of humanity, either by himself, or with the assistance of Enki and Enlil, his sons. This fragment of cuneiform recounts a portion of the flood story. Explore the gallery using Google Street View and see if you can find the famous Standard of Ur. In 342DR, another archwizard, Shenandra, was working on countering the lifedrain magic of the phaerimm at the same time. Even further, the Indus Valley civilization was already past its peak, and in China, the Erlitou culture blossomed. The Sumerians lived in early southern Mesopotamia, and later the Akkadian empire dominated throughout northern Mesopotamia. In the Myth of Adapa, Adapa is the first human created by Ea, the god of wisdom (Enki to the Sumerians). Within the myths and legends of the Sumerians and other Mesopotamians, Anu rarely interacts with humans, but instead usually uses Enlil and Enki (his sons) as the intermediates between him and humans. Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire For a while after the fall of the Akkadians, . It was a small cylinder (approximately 2cm high and 3cm diameter) made of shell, bone, faience, or a variety of stones, on which a scene was carved in mirror image.
horned crown mesopotamia - Groupechrenergy.fr Hollow Crown Series by Zoraida Crdova - Goodreads [5] Edith Porada, the first to propose this identification, associates hanging wings with demons and then states: "If the suggested provenience of the Burney Relief at Nippur proves to be correct, the imposing demonic figure depicted on it may have to be identified with the female ruler of the dead or with some other major figure of the Old Babylonian pantheon which was occasionally associated with death. 12x18. Around both wrists she wears bracelets which appear composed of three rings. Old Babylonian period. Alla or Alla-gula was a Mesopotamian god associated with the underworld. These are artifacts found in the Temple of Ishtar in Uruk, formally meant for Anu. Objects in Rooms 5759 highlight the indigenous origins of the Israelites and the Phoenicians. The form we see here is a style popular in Neo-Sumerian times and later; earlier representations show horns projecting out from a conical headpiece. A story of a deluge or catastrophic flood is reported by the Sumerians on a tablet found in Nippur. Whenever a deity is depicted alone, a symmetrical composition is more common. . Sumerian and Akkadian mythological texts portray An/Anu as king and father of the gods.
Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond The Gold of Mesopotamia coin features a portrait of the legendary ruler King Nebuchadnezzar II (circa 640-562 BC) wearing a horned crown. [34] This single line of evidence being taken as virtual proof of the identification of the Burney Relief with "Lilith" may have been motivated by later associations of "Lilith" in later Jewish sources. Travel and cultural exchange were not commonplace, but nevertheless possible. According to the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament, Nebuchadnezzar erected a huge golden statue and made his subjects worship it on bended knee. [7] The British Museum's Department of Scientific Research reports, "it would seem likely that the whole plaque was moulded" with subsequent modelling of some details and addition of others, such as the rod-and-ring symbols, the tresses of hair and the eyes of the owls.
Cornucopia - Wikipedia This may be an attempt to link the deities to the power of nature. The people of Mesopotamia believed in many gods and goddesses. Clicking Export to Refworks will open a new window, or an existing window if Refworks is open already. Citations regarding this assertion lead back to Henri Frankfort (1936). Additionally, this power is described as being passed down to humans, specifically to the kings in Mesopotamia. In fact, whenever a Mesopotamian god was promoted or given a greater leadership role in the stories, it was said that they had received the anutu, or the power of Anu. King Hammurabi united Mesopotamia and made the citystate of Babylon the capital of the Babylonian Empire. Frankfort quotes a preliminary translation by Gadd (1933): "in the midst Lilith had built a house, the shrieking maid, the joyful, the bright queen of Heaven". [22] In this respect, the Burney Relief shows a clear departure from the schematic style of the worshiping men and women that were found in temples from periods about 500 years earlier. Compared to visual artworks from the same time, the relief fits quite well with its style of representation and its rich iconography. [1] This passage reflects the Sumerians' belief in the nether world, and Frankfort cites evidence that Nergal, the ruler of the underworld, is depicted with bird's feet and wrapped in a feathered gown. and eventually became the keeper of the Tablets of Destiny, in which the fate of humankind was recorded. Of the three levels of heaven in Mesopotamian mythology, Anu lived in the highest one. cornucopia, also called Horn Of Plenty, decorative motif, dating from ancient Greece, that symbolizes abundance. In Genesis, Adam and Eve are cast out of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. In Akkadian he is Anu, written logographically as dAN, or spelled syllabically, e.g. However, not much remains of him being the subject of worship in later texts. Frankfort himself based his interpretation of the deity as the demon Lilith on the presence of wings, the birds' feet and the representation of owls.
Indus-Mesopotamia relations - Wikipedia which differs from the Sumerian story where the trinity of gods (Anu, Enil, and Enki) created humans with the wife of Enki. Ningishzida, a Mesopotamian deity of vegetation and the underworld, as well as the most likely son of goddess Ereshkigal, is sometimes depicted as a serpent with horns. She was named Ki by the Sumerians, Antu by the Akkadians, and Uras by the Babylonians. . Symmetric compositions are common in Mesopotamian art when the context is not narrative. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Laeral donned the crown in 1337 DR but Aumvor's plot failed when the Crown's powers conflicted with Laeral Silverhand's spellfire power and drove her into madness. The two lions have a male mane, patterned with dense, short lines; the manes continue beneath the body. [nb 10] Their plumage is colored like the deity's wings in red, black and white; it is bilaterally similar but not perfectly symmetrical. Initially in the possession of a Syrian dealer, who may have acquired the plaque in southern Iraq in 1924, the relief was deposited at the British Museum in London and analysed by Dr. H.J. An/Anu is sometimes credited with the creation of the universe itself, either alone or with Enlil and Ea. Mesopotamia is important because it witnessed crucial advancements in the development of human civilisation between 60001550 BC. A static, frontal image is typical of religious images intended for worship. [3] After its destruction and subsequent reformation, the Crown of Horns appeared as a silver circlet with a black diamond set on the brow and four bone horns mounted around its edge. Tiamat is angered by Enki and disowns all the younger gods and raises an army of demons to kill them.
The Gold of Mesopotamia 100 Euro Gold Coin This story is included in the prologue of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Her body has been sculpted with attention to naturalistic detail: the deep navel, structured abdomen, "softly modeled pubic area"[nb 7] the recurve of the outline of the hips beneath the iliac crest, and the bony structure of the legs with distinct knee caps all suggest "an artistic skill that is almost certainly derived from observed study". The region known by scholars as Mesopotamia covers a vast geographical area, and the evidence used to understand the cultures of that region come from over 4,000 years of human activity (fig. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado. [1] The relief was first brought to public attention with a full-page reproduction in The Illustrated London News, in 1936. In the following centuries cultic activity for An/Anu is attested at Uruk and Nippur, and he begins to occur in royal titles: Lugalzagesi (ca. These symbols were the focus of a communication by Pauline Albenda (1970) who again questioned the relief's authenticity. +91-7207507350 Stylistic comparisons place the relief at the earliest into the Isin-Larsa period,[12] or slightly later, to the beginning of the Old Babylonian period. However modern translations have instead: "In its trunk, the phantom maid built herself a dwelling, the maid who laughs with a joyful heart.